Carbonium ion|Carbocations|Reactive species#intermediates#electrophile #bsc #neet #cuet #jee

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Издатель Jan 3, 2023

Carbocations (carbonium ions) are species with positively charged carbon centers and are highly reactive hard electrophiles. A carbocation is a molecule in which a carbon atom has a positive charge and three bonds. We can basically say that they are carbon cations. The carbon cations are very reactive and unstable due to an incomplete octet. In simple words, carbocations do not have eight electrons, therefore they do not satisfy the octet rule.
In carbonium, the hybridization of carbon will be sp2 and its shape is trigonal planar. There is also a vacant p orbital which indicates its electron-deficient nature. The carbon has 6 electrons in its valence shell. Due to this, it is an electron-deficient species, also known as an electrophile.
The different carbonium ions are classified on the basis of the number of carbon groups bonded to the carbon. The carbonium ion can be termed as methyl, primary, secondary or tertiary on the basis of how many carbon atoms are attached to it:
Methyl carbocation: If no carbon is attached to the carbon with the positive charge it is simply called as methyl carbocation.
If one, two or three carbon is attached to the carbon with the positive charge it is called the primary carbocation, secondary carbocation, and tertiary carbocation respectively.
If there is a carbon-carbon double bond next to the carbon with the positive charge it is termed as allylic carbocation.
In the same way, if the carbon with the positive charge is attached to a double bond, the carbocation is termed as vinylic carbocation. Here, the hybridization of the carbon having the positive charge is sp and geometry is linear.
Whenever the carbon which consists of the positive charge is part of a benzene ring, then the carbocation an aryl carbocation.
If the carbon having a positive charge is immediately next to a benzene ring, it is termed as a benzylic carbocation.